children Essay -- essays papers

childrenChildhood and the Treatment of ChildrenChildren all over the world be treated other than at different times, during different centuries. Some children are embossed by both of their parents in a good environment, with good conditions, and with a good education. Those kids are well taken care of and are happy if love is added to all that. The place that they live in becomes perfect. There are other kids, though, that have no loving parent, or no parents at all no beautiful warm home, or no home at all no well-grounded food, or no food at all and no good education, or no education at all. They have to work all sidereal day just to survive and get a little bit of something to eat. These children, unlike the other kids, are treated badly, abused and used. As time diversenesss, people change sometimes for the worst and sometimes for the better. Even now, children are mistreated in other countries and level off here in America. burgeon forth is left without parents to b e raised by his sister. His sister, Mrs. Joe, is twenty years older than Pip. She is raising Pip by hand, meaning she lays her hand on him whenever possible, which is all the time. Pip is treated really badly, but at least he has a friend who would stand up to him Joe is Mrs. Joe Gargerys husband. Joe wants Pip to have a good education even though he himself didnt have one, but Mrs. Joe, on the other hand, thinks its not a good idea and a waste of time. Pip does things like other kids do he plays, eats, and goes...

charhf The Complex Character of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Huckleberry Finn Complex Character   Huckleberry Finn is a complex character.  As this book progresses, so does Huck.  Huck is about thirteen years old, from the pitiable end of the white middle class.  His father is a ruffian who disappears for months on end.  This book starts off with Huck being reformed by the widow Douglas and therefore cadaver a marginalized member of society.  He has not been brought up with the same social values as an average middle-class boy might be, but this helps to earn Hucks unique personality.  The way he has been brought up affects his traits, values, and relationships throughout the book.       Although Hucks character progresses in this story his traits that he portrays at the end are very similar to those at the beginning.  His ingenuity, morality, and intelligence are consistent throughout the story.  Hucks ingenuity is shown throughout his clever actions.  His decision to m ake his escape on the canoe look like a murder to hide his tracks is just one example, And theyll follow that meal track to the lake and go browsing down the creek that leads out of it to find the robbers that killed me and took the things. They wont ever fly the coop the river for anything but my dead carcass. Theyll soon get tired of that, and wont bother no more about me.   This idea continues as he decides to dress up as a girl to gain information.  Although this idea doesnt fully succeed because he is found out, it is an excellent plan, which also reviles his ingenuity.  Another time we see this unique sharpness is when he pretends to be George Jackson to live with the Wilkes family.   Also throughout this story, Huck develops his own morality, however it has a different turn from the accepted norm for that society at that time.  An example of his morality coming through is how he didnt tell on Jim when he ran away.  Although the s ociety would see this as wrong, Huck took Jims point of view and cogitate to help him.  Huck also showed his morality when he tried to return the stolen money to the girls and escape from the Duke and King after the burial.

Holden Caufield as Untrustworthy Narrator in The Catcher in the Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays

Holden Caufield as Untrustworthy Narrator in The Catcher in the Rye     The problem with just intimately first someone narratives is that at that place is only one point of view. In The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caufield shares his past experiences as a distressed teenager. The entire story is told through his have got troubled mind, which often distorts the experiences. Salinger portrays the reason behind Holdens immaturity by demonstrating his untrustworthy qualities.   Most of Holdens views contradict themselves because of Holdens own confusion. This confusion blinds him from being able to realize that most of his criticism is against himself. Salinger clearly presents this after Stradlader hits Holden. All that blood and all sort of made me look tough. Id only been in about two fights in my life, and I lost both of them. Im not too tough. Im a pacifist, if you want to know the truth(46). Even though Holden enjoys to see himself be aten up, he contradicts himself by proclaiming he is a peaceful person. Salinger utilizes these contradictions to reveal how unreliable Holdens observations are.   Salinger also depicts Holdens immaturity through the judgment of his peers and elders. Holdens disillusionment of good people alters the true personality of each person he meets. Holden even criticizes his new classmates, whom he has not even meet yet. Its full of phonies/.../and you have to keep making believe you give a horseshit if the football team loses, and all you do is talk about girls and liquor and sex all day(131). Just because Holden is uncomfortable in his school, he feels the acquire to disapprove of everyone. Salinger exploits this immaturity to illustrate the reason for Holdens loneliness and confusion.   Throughout the story Salinger introduces characters that actually appeal to Holden, which give him guidance and make him feel better about himself. Mr. Antolini is one of these peop le. Holden seems hopeless in his quest for happiness, but Mr. Antolini guides him in the right direction. Even after all the help, he still finds a way to see Mr. Antolini. What he was doing was, he was sitting on the floor right next to the couch, in the dark and all, and he was sort of petting me or patting me on the beatified head(192).

CHINAS RESPONSE TO OVERPOPULATION :: essays research papers

Introduction          Today so some children and people in the conception suffer from poverty and starvation. In so many third world countrys families argon going without food or good water. Never before have we seen so many children die before the age of five. It is impossible to break all of these mouths and clothe all of these backs. The world is full of natural resources at our disposal. These resources are taken for granted and not preserved the way they should be. As a result, fossil fuels will not be available in a matter of years. Nature is missing links due to the extinction of many species, many we dont ever get a chance to learn about. More people means more products made in factories, more jobs needed, and more consumption of this earths precious resources. Were are overcrowded We are overpopulated. Not to mention all of the disease that is spread through the poverty stricken slums that the malnourished live in."We are alrea dy life with the consequences of human population growth. There are now so many people, that we were probably pretty much forced to modernize and give up foul outhouses in favor of the more convenient and practical flush toilet. Sanitation workers are paid to collect the trash that huge cities of people generate, as bombastic populations need proper sanitation."(Garrett Hardin) We try to regulate this epidemic by using birth-control and other devices, but we see what good all of that is doing. We ourselves are setting up for extinction. There must be a way to control the overpopulation. We should not be a disease to this planet. Do we not see the connections between acquirement and society? Gaylord Nelson was quoted as saying, "The number one environmental problem facing the earth today would have to be population. Where on Earth Are We exhalation? He said the answer is "Its all up to us. The level of human population and the scale and intensity of human activity ha s reached a point where we are literally affecting the very conditions on which human life and well being depend. "The first major effect of overpopulation is consumption of valuable resources. This is one of the major causes of depletion of our natural resources. When mentioning consumption, we are referring to all the products we buy and use. In the United States, Americans consume far more than what is necessary.

Comparing Epic of Gilgamesh and Book of Genesis of the Holy Bible :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Par onlyels Between the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Bible The most well-known parallel among the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Bible is the story of the Flood, in Genesis 6-7. This is essentially equivalent to the story that Utnapishtim, the Sumerian Noah, tells to Gilgamesh on Tablet XI. Even the way the narrative is move out is similar - the gods put a bug in Utnapishtims ear a description of how the ark is built (daubed with bitumen, a jet glue or mortaring instrument in Mesopotamia) everyone piles in, and it starts to rain. When its over, Utnapishtim releases a dove, then a swallow, and finally a crow. However, the section of the Bible that really seems linked to Sumerian mythology is the allow of Ecclesiastes. The writer of that book informs us, in Eccl. 129-10, that in the course of composing it he read widely, presumeably everything that he could get his hands on in those days. From internal evidence its translucent that he read some version of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Its fa scinating to see that the story, already very ancient by Biblical times, circulated so widely in the Middle East. Ecclesiastes 49-10 (in the Revised Standard version) runs, Two are better than one, because they have a good reward for their toil. For if they fall, one will lift up his fellow but woe to him who is alone when he falls and has not another to lift him up. This appears in fragmented form in Tablet V column ii of the epic. (If you want to look at the tablets in English translation the best one is by John Gardner.) It was apparently a common proverb in the Middle East, and you can easily find equivalents all over the place in literature. It appears in King Lear and in Beowulf, Bare is patronise without brother behind it. (Alliterations artful aid, what?) The Epic of Gilgamesh has two main parts. In the first, Gil has a number of the standard Conan-the-Barbarian style adventures, whomping monsters, humping maidens, defying the goddess Ishtar. And hes king of Uruk, one o f mankinds first cities - all very picturesque, and would make a great cover for a genre paperback. Then, in the second half, Gil has a spiritual crisis and goes on a quest for incessant life. Well, when hes wandering around having angst, he meets a Wise Woman, a barmaid - it seems the Sumerians invented beer, too.

Comparing Epic of Gilgamesh and Book of Genesis of the Holy Bible :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Par onlyels Between the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Bible The most well-known parallel between the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Bible is the story of the Flood, in Genesis 6-7. This is essentially homogeneous to the story that Utnapishtim, the Sumerian Noah, tells to Gilgamesh on Tablet XI. Even the way the narrative is laid out is similar - the gods put a bug in Utnapishtims spike a description of how the ark is built (daubed with bitumen, a common glue or mortaring agent in Mesopotamia) everyone piles in, and it starts to rain. When its over, Utnapishtim releases a dove, then a swallow, and finally a crow. However, the section of the Bible that really analyzems linked to Sumerian mythology is the book of Ecclesiastes. The writer of that book informs us, in Eccl. 129-10, that in the course of composing it he necessitate widely, presumeably everything that he could get his hands on in those days. From internal evidence its obvious that he read some version of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Its fascinating to see that the story, already very ancient by Biblical times, circulated so widely in the Middle East. Ecclesiastes 49-10 (in the Revised Standard version) runs, Two are fall in than one, because they have a good reward for their toil. For if they fall, one will lift up his fellow but woe to him who is alone when he falls and has non another to lift him up. This appears in fragmented form in Tablet V column ii of the epic. (If you want to look at the tablets in side translation the best one is by John Gardner.) It was apparently a common proverb in the Middle East, and you can easily find equivalents all over the place in literature. It appears in King Lear and in Beowulf, Bare is back without brother behind it. (Alliterations artful aid, what?) The Epic of Gilgamesh has two main parts. In the first, Gil has a number of the standard Conan-the-Barbarian style adventures, whomping monsters, humping maidens, defying the goddess Ishtar. And hes king of Uruk, one of mankinds first cities - all very picturesque, and would make a great cover for a musical style paperback. Then, in the second half, Gil has a spiritual crisis and goes on a quest for eternal life. Well, when hes wandering around having angst, he meets a Wise Woman, a barmaid - it seems the Sumerians invented beer, too.

Awareness of k+12 Essay

Rationale Change is avalanching down upon our land and close to people are utterly unprepared to cope with it, states Alvin Toffler. In virtu any(prenominal)y countries today, changes are happening so fast that we are at times un sufficient to preserve pertinent cultural aspects and values. In the line of curriculum, change is and will continue to be, the factor for any educational beneathtaking. (Bauzon, 2002) In the raw century, the educational environment is rapidly changing and the im jump ons and responsibilities of the t individuallyer s become demanding in the most part of the world.In our country today, the curriculum of our educational system has been revised to meet its demands. correspond to President Benigno S. Aquino, We need to add two days to our prefatory education. Those who can afford pay up to fourteen years of instilling before university. Thus, their children are getting into the best universities and the best jobs after graduation. I motivation at least 12 years for our public take aim children to give them an even chance at succeeding (www. google. com ). According to the K to 12 Deped priming coat (2011), K-12 conveys Kindergarten and the 12 years of elementary and secondary education. Kindergarten points to the 5-year old child who undertakes the standardized curriculum for preschoolers. Elementary education refers to 6 years of primary school (Grades 1-6) while secondary education means four years of junior high school (Grades 7-10 or HS Year 1-4). In addition to this, two years are now allotted for senior high school (Grades 11-12 or HS Year 5-6). Furthermore, the short duration of our basic education course of instruction puts Filipinos who are enkindle to either work or analyse abroad at a disadvant days.This is because other countries see our 10-year design as incomplete, which then, causes Filipino graduates to not be considered as professionals abroad. The first teacher of the children are their parents. They have a great role in the development of the young. They become part of the environment of l collecting at home. They reexamination the lessons of their children especially in the basic education. They sent their children to school to be taught, to be trained and to gain knowledge. Parents are supporters of the curriculum. They would comparable to get the best of his/her investment in education.They are willing to pay the cost of educating their child for as long as their children get the best learning or schooling experiences. They aims to have a children that has a bright future and a changed individual who is easily adjusted to his fast changing world. (Bilbao, p. 80) This take up finds it important to research about the sensation of the k+12 curriculum in the parents of the grade 7 students. The parents of the Grade 7students ofCantilan National broad(prenominal) School, capital of Spain National naughty School Union Annex, and tireigao Del tire enounce University Cantila n Laboratory High School are the respondents of this research.The programs offered by the University are on Level 1 and 2 and it is accredited by the AACUP. In as much(prenominal) as the data that will be gathitherd in this study will be very helpful to the curriculum experts, managers and administrators who play an important role in shaping the school curriculum and who are responsible in the formulation of the philosophy, vision, mission, and objectives. The result of this study could provide the involve information in formulating possible solutions for reactions of the parents of the grade 7 students of the CNHS, MNHS-Union Annex and SDSSU Cantilan Laboratory High School.Conceptual Framework As shown in figure 1, the first box contains all about the k+12 curriculum and level of sensory faculty of the parents of the Grade 7 students about it. The middle box contains the independent variables which are the parents of the Grade 7 students of the CNHS, MNHS-Union Annex, and SDSSU Laboratory High School. The interaction of the independent and dependent variables is now the ken of k+12 program in the parents of Grade 7. This is shown in box 3, the output of the study. INPUTTHROUGH PUTOUTPUT FIGURE 1. formal Diagram of the Research Paradigm sound outment of the ProblemThis study aims to determine the awareness of k+12 curriculum among the parents of grade 7 students. This aims further how the k+12 curriculum affects the strategies of the teachers and what are the adjustment to prioritize. The main problem seeks to answer the pursuance subsidiary problems. 1. What is the socio-demographic indite of the respondents? 1. 1. Age 1. 2. Sex 1. 3. upbringingal attainment 2. What is the uttermost of awareness of parents to the k+12 curriculum in harm of the following indicators? 2. 1. Features of the k+12 curriculum 2. 2. sagacity of the k+12 curriculum 2. 3. favor/benefits of the k+12 curriculum to the students 3. Is in that location a significant kin ming led with the socio-demographic profile of the respondents and the goal of awareness in the K+12 program in price of 3. 1. Features of the k+12 curriculum 3. 2. Assessment of the k+12 curriculum 3. 3. Advantage/benefits of the k+12 curriculum to the students Hypothesis This study will test the null hypotheses at 0. 05 level of significance. Ho there is no significant descent between the socio demographic profile of the respondents and the extent of awareness of the k+12 curriculum.Significance Of The Study This study will benefit the following Parents The result of this study helps the parents of the grade 7 students to accept the changes in our educational system today and one of these changes is the k+12 program. Future ResearchersThe result of this study will serve as their guide and help them to collect new ideas and informations, if their study is interrelated with this study. The authors wrote simple words in every section of this book for the readers to understand easily. Scope and Limitations of the Study This study will wrap up the following limitationsRespondents. Parents of Grade 7 students in Cantilan National High School (CNHS), Madrid National High School-Union Annex and (SDSSU) Surigao del Sur State University-Laboratory High School. Location. The venue of the study is the Cantilan National High School (CNHS), Madrid National High School-Union Annex and (SDSSU) Surigao del Sur State University-Laboratory High School. Time Frame. The time frame at heart which the study will be conducted is during the school year 2012-2013. Definition of Terms plan. Is a plan for what is to be taught in schools. course of study studies are a field of inquiry into how schools programs are developed, implemented, and evaluated. K-12 Curriculum. The program aims to uplift the feature of education in the Philippines in order for the graduates to be easily employed. It also aims to meet standards required for professionals who would hope to work abroad. CHAPTE R II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE To give depth and meaning of the study at hand some related literature and studies taken from articles, books, magazines and periodicals, from different studies and papers read which have bearing on the study conducted and discussed. tie in Literature Clearly our countrys ability to provide quality education for its people is hinged to its survival as puff up as its ability to compete in the global market and be a meaningful associate in the world affairs. (Philippine yearbook, 2003). Though our government created ways and means in order to uplift the quality education that we have, but still it is really a dilemma for every Filipino that our educational system is declining. With this, lots of changes went through, and the teachers as well as the learners are the primary concern of this.The gradual change in curriculum is one of the means to eradicate this decline. As Smithers (2003) said that, it has been in contention that teachers should play a more pivotal role in all phases of curriculum-making from initial planning through development try-out, installation, evaluation and revision. More and more classroom teachers are being tapped to serve in school curriculum committees and line force. A perplexed teacher once observed that the curriculum is like a maze in his words a complex situation involving a multiplicity of considerations that require profound study.It is our contention that it is need not to be so stripped to its base essentials, curriculum making is surprisingly simple. (Bruner,2002) According To Bauzon (2002), the aspirations of any ideals of any society serve as determinants of the educational system. The aspiration rises only to the level of its peoples aspirations. The most essential instrument in nation building which is education distills the goals in the society. In the school setting, each child learns much more than he is taught as part of the curriculum.Not all learning is the result of the planned experiences in the school. The curriculum of the school includes those experiences for which the school accepts responsibility. These curricular experiences are organized and promoted in order to acceptable objectives and needs of children may be responded adequately. They are planned sequentially so that many learners needs social, spiritual, emotional, intellectual and physical will be prepared. The viable curriculum is based on the recognition that maturation factors and experiential background conditions readiness to learn.Thus, the teacher provides new advices prior to the childs level of development. (Gronlund,2004). Jerome Bruner emphasizes that here must be an ferocity upon reducing a subject to its fundamental ideas or structure. To grasp the structure of a subject, he argues, one must understand the relationship between facts and ideas which contain the subject. Structure is important in teaching a subject because it permits a massive general transfer of learning. In s hort, it allows one to learn how to learn. Related StudiesThe department of educations k to 12 program is one concrete response to reverse this steady decline and to move toward its goal of long-run educational reform and sustainable economic growth. The central feature of the k to 12 program is the upgrading of the basic education curriculum to ensure that learners acquire the germane(predicate) knowledge and skills they will need to become productive members of society. It seeks to introduce relevant skills development courses and special interest subjects that will suit the personality, strengths and career direction of each learner.(http//www. gov. ph/k+12) In the report of EFA(2002),As early1925, studies have observed the in adequacy of the basic education curriculum. As one of the most well studied reforms, recommendations of either adding or restoring the grade or adding an extra year to basic education have been put forward. According to the different survey of the curricu lum Monroe survey (1925) secondary education did not prepare for life and recommended training in agri burnish, commerce, and industry.Prosser survey (1930) recommended to improve phases of vocational education such as 7thgrade take a shit work, provincial schools, and practical arts training in the regular high schools, home economics, placement work, gardening, and agricultural education. UNESCO mission survey (1949) recommended the restoration of grade. Education act. Of 1953 under section3, mandates thatthe primary course shall be composed off our grades (grades I to IV) and the intermediate course of three grades (grade VTOVII). Swanson Survey (1960)recommendedtherestorationofgrade7.Presidential Commission To Survey Philippine Education (PCSPE) (1970) high priority be given to the implementation of an11-year program Recommended program consists of 6 years of compulsory elementary education and 5years of secondary education In one study conducted on the influence of standards on thek+12 teaching and student learning, teachers described in this research were actively pursuing alignment between the content they were teaching (at classroom level, we refer to this as teaching curriculum and the content measured by the various state test.(The Freeman Foundation2006). Based on the k-12 educators study tourprograms funded by theFreeman foundation the overseas programs of the Asiatic Studies Outreach Program (ASOP) is one element of amulti-pronged, statewide approach to introduce Asian studies in every Vermont school and buildthe leadership needed to support this goal. The overseas program for teachers, the equivalent of a three-hour graduate level course, places a heavy emphasis on content relevant to both the travelexperience and teachers curriculum.The program aims to increase teachers awareness/cultural sensitivity and teachers comfort level in teaching about Asia through direct experiences with Asian people, history, and culture enhance the quality of t eachers classroom instruction through increased knowledge ofAsia encourage curriculum revision to build a sustained cross-discipline presence for Asia in grades K-12 and build the capacity of teachers to lead the efforts to include Asia in the curriculum.In selecting participants, ASOP considers areas of the state where participation in the overseas program could introduce or strengthen Asian studies. In addition, ASOP looks at the level ofadministrative commitment and the availability of teams of teachers from a school or district. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This study will use the descriptive survey method appropriate for profiling the variables of this research. Research Environment As one of the municipalities of Surigao Del Sur, Cantilan is located in the Northeastern area of Mindanao and part of the CARAGA region.it has a qite gigantic and plain are about 10,575 sq. km. facing the pacific ocean on theeasternpart. almost40,000 people comprises the 17 barangays in which the livelihood is mostly derived from agriculture, aquaculture and income of the professionals . as theoldesttownintheprovince of surigao del sur it is the cradle of all the five municipalities. Being centered in education, Cantilan has a lot of schools to be proud of. Among of this are the Madrid National High School-Union Annex,Surigao Del Sur State University and Cantilan National High School.Although Sdssu-Cantilan concentrate for the tertiary education yet it offers a secondary in which they called as the laboratory high school with its limits to100students as of scoolyear2012-2013. on the other hand,thecantialn national high school offers 3 curriculum the ESEP,SPA,and RBEC with 2000 students as its latest enrollees . as an institution of higher learning ,both the schools are known in uplifting a quality education and promoting the growth and development of the students inconsonance with the national development towards quality education. Fig.2 presents the map of Surigaodel Sur where Municipality of Cantilan is located. Research Design This is a descriptive evaluative or assessment study appropriate for profiling the variables of research which intends to know the level of awareness among parents of the Grade -7 students under K-12 program of Madrid National High School- Union Annex, Cantilan National High School, and Surigao Del Sur State University- Laboratory High School. The data that to be gathered will be recorded, organized, and fitful in view of the objectives set in the study. Research RespondentThis study is confined to all the parents of grade-7 students in Madrid National High School- Union Annex, Surigao del Sur State University-Laboratory High School and Cantilan National High School in the school year 2012-2013. Table 1. Distribution Of The Respondents School Number of grade 7 parents/guardians Number of respondents MNHS-UA 23 11 SDSSU-Lab. H. S. 24 12 CNHS 40 20 TOTAL 87 43 Research Instruments A self made questionnaire is deliberatel y made for the study. It contains two parts. The first part contains the Profile of the parents. These include thename, age, educational attainment, occupation, and monthly income. The second part contains the different questions with regards to the k+12 program. Research Procedures multitude of Data. The questionnaires will be given to the parents of the Grade 7 students of Madrid National High School- Union Annex, Cantilan National High School, and Surigao Del Sur State University. Statistical Treatment. The following formulas will be used in this study 1. Weighted Mean This is used to determine the Socio-Demographic Profile of the parents in cost of age, educational attainment and occupation.Likewise, weighted mean is to be applied to determine the acceptability of the k+12 program among the parents of the Grade 7 students of Madrid National High School- Union Annex, Cantilan National High School, and Surigao Del Sur State University. 2. Simple Percentage Computation This is use d to determine the percentage of the respondents. 3. Pearson Chi-Square This is used to determine if there is a significant relationship of the respondents socio-demographic profile and the extent of awareness of the k+12 curriculum. CHAPTER IVPRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter presents, analyzes and interprets the data gathered from the questionnaire to the concerned respondents. This chapter shows the significant relationship between the socio-demographic profile of the respondents and the extent of awareness of the k-12 curriculum. Relationship Between The Socio-Demographic Profile Of The Respondents And The boundary Of Awareness Of The K-12 Curriculum This section analyzes the result of the respondents socio-demographic profile and the extent of awareness of the k-12 curriculum.TABLE 2Relationship of Respondents Age and Extent of Awareness in Terms of the Features of the K+12 Curriculum Features of the curriculum X2 a. The number of years in the bas ic education is increased up to 13 years including Kindergarten. 12. 481 b. The students will graduate twice because they will earn two certificates one for completion of the DepEd subjects at Grade 10 and the other for finishing the technical skills subjects integrated into the curriculum. 14. 336 c. New subjects taken by your student agrarian Reform, Family Planning, NSTP, Philippine Constitution, Physical Educ., Population Educ. , Rizal and Taxation. 8. 568 d. on that point are specializations in Science and Technology, Music and Arts, Agriculture and Fisheries, Sports, Business and Entrepreneurship. 8. 881 e. Opportunity to take courses like Internet and figuring Fundamentals, Technical Drawing, Home Management/ Housekeeping, cookery/ Food Processing, Electrical Installation and Maintenance, Dress Making/Tailoring, Carpentry, Crop Production, Animal Production and treat giving. 6. 790 f. Mother dialect is used as a modal(a) of instruction for Grades 1 to 3.7. 830 g. Stron g collaboration of CHED, TESDA and DOLE in training the senior(a) High School students. 6. 567 dream up 9. 3504 X2 DF= 6 12. 592 The table shows the computed X2 in every features of k-12 curriculum in impairment of age. The degrees of freedom is 6 and the mean of the computed X2 is 9. 3504, since the mean computed value is lesser than x2 at 5%, there is no profuse indorse to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the respondents age is independent with the extent of awareness in terms of the features of the k+ 12 curriculum.TABLE 3Relationship of Respondents Age and Extent of Awareness in Terms of the Assessment of the Curriculum The table shows the computed X2 in every parts of the assessment of the curriculum in terms of age. The degrees of freedom is 6 and the mean of computed X2 is 9. 7606, since the mean computed value is lesser than x2 at 5%, there is no enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the respondents age is independent with the extent of awarene ss in terms of the assessment of the k+ 12 curriculum.TABLE 4Relationship of Respondents Age and Extent of Awareness in Terms of the Advantages/Benefits of the K+12 Curriculum to the Students The table shows the computed X2 in every advantages to the students in terms of age. The degrees of freedom is 6 and the mean of computed X2 is 8. 6699, since the mean computed value is lesser than x2 at 5%, there is no enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the respondents age is independent with the extent of awareness in terms of the advantages/ benefits of the k+ 12 curriculum to the students.TABLE 5 Relationship of respondents sex and extent of awareness in terms of the features of the k+12 curriculum Features of the curriculum X2 a. The number of years in the basic education is increased up to 13 years including Kindergarten. 5. 239 b. The students will graduate twice because they will earn two certificates one for completion of the DepEd subjects at Grade 10 and the ot her for finishing the technical skills subjects integrated into the curriculum. 4. 143 c. New subjects taken by your student Agrarian Reform, Family Planning, NSTP, Philippine Constitution, Physical Educ. , Population Educ., Rizal and Taxation. 6. 131 d. There are specializations in Science and Technology, Music and Arts, Agriculture and Fisheries, Sports, Business and Entrepreneurship. 1. 325 e. Opportunity to take courses like Internet and Computing Fundamentals, Technical Drawing, Home Management/ Housekeeping, Cooking/ Food Processing, Electrical Installation and Maintenance, Dress Making/Tailoring, Carpentry, Crop Production, Animal Production and Care giving. 2. 168 f. Mother tongue is used as a medium of instruction for Grades 1 to 3. 3. 503 g. Strong collaboration of CHED, TESDA and DOLE in training the Senior High School students.1. 946 MEAN 3. 4936 X2 df= 2 5. 991 The table shows the computed X2 in every features of the curriculum in terms of sex. The degrees of freedom is 2 and the mean of computed X2 is 3. 4936, since the mean computed value is lesser than x2 at 5%, there is no enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the respondents sex is independent with the extent of awareness in terms of the features of the k+ 12 curriculum. TABLE 6Relationship of respondents sex and extent of awareness in terms of the assessment of the curriculum Assessment Of The CurriculumX2 a. Focused on the learners acquisition of effective communication, information, media and technology, learning and innovations kills, and life and career skills. 0. 157 b. Has balanced assessment program. 5. 454 c. Promotion and retention of the students shall be by subject. 0. 530 d. Honor students shall be drawn from among those who performed at the ADVANCED LEVEL. 0. 293 e. The performance of students shall be described in the report card based on the following levels of increase B, D, AP, P, A not their equivalent numerical values. 3. 345 MEAN1. 9558 X2 df= 2 5. 99 1 The table shows the computed X2 in every assessment of the curriculum in terms of sex. The degrees of freedom is 2 and the mean of computed X2 is 1. 9558, since the mean computed value is lesser than x2 at 5%, there is no enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the respondents sex is independent with the extent of awareness in terms of the assessment of the k+ 12 curriculum. TABLE 7Relationship of respondents sex and extent of awareness in terms of the advantages/benefits of the k+12 curriculum to the studentsThe table shows the computed X2 in every advantages to the students in terms of sex. The degrees of freedom is 2 and the mean of the computed X2 is 7. 0027, since the mean computed value is greater than the x2at 5%, there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the respondents sex is not independent with the extent of awareness in terms of the advantages/benefits of the k+ 12 curriculum to the students. TABLE 8 Relationship of Respondent s Educational Attainment and Extent of Awareness in Terms of the Features of the K+12 Curriculum Features of the curriculumX2 a. The number of years in the basic education is increased up to 13 years including Kindergarten. 27. 967 b. The students will graduate twice because they will earn two certificates one for completion of the DepEd subjects at Grade 10 and the other for finishing the technical skills subjects integrated into the curriculum. 38. 701 c. New subjects taken by your student Agrarian Reform, Family Planning, NSTP, Philippine Constitution, Physical Educ. , Population Educ. , Rizal and Taxation. 26. 768 d.There are specializations in Science and Technology, Music and Arts, Agriculture and Fisheries, Sports, Business and Entrepreneurship. 17. 201 e. Opportunity to take courses like Internet and Computing Fundamentals, Technical Drawing, Home Management/ Housekeeping, Cooking/ Food Processing, Electrical Installation and Maintenance, Dress Making/Tailoring, Carpentry, C rop Production, Animal Production and Care giving. 26. 446 f. Mother tongue is used as a medium of instruction for Grades 1 to 3. 16. 845 g. Strong collaboration of CHED, TESDA and DOLE in training the Senior High School students. 24. 094 MEAN 25.4317 X2 DF= 8 15. 507 The table shows the computed X2 in every features of the curriculum in terms of educational attainment. The degrees of freedom is 8 and the mean of computed X2 is 25. 4317, since the mean computed value is greater than x2 at 5%, there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the respondents educational attainment is not independent with the extent of awareness in terms of the features of the k+ 12 curriculum. TABLE 9Relationship Of Respondents Educational Attainment And Extent Of Awareness In Terms Of The Assessment Of The Curriculum Assessment Of The CurriculumX2 a. Focused on the learners acquisition of effective communication, information, media and technology, learning and innovations kills, and life and career skills. 28. 956 b. Has balanced assessment program. 28. 448 c. Promotion and retention of the students shall be by subject. 8. 995 d. Honor students shall be drawn from among those who performed at the ADVANCED LEVEL. 23. 507 e. The performance of students shall be described in the report card based on the following levels of proficiency B, D, AP, P, A not their equivalent numerical values. 19. 981 MEAN 21. 9774 X2 df= 8 15. 507The table shows the computed X2 in every assessment in the curriculum in terms of educational attainment. The degrees of freedom is 8 and the mean of computed X2 is 21. 9772, since the mean computed value is greater than x2 at 5%, there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the respondents educational attainment is not independent with the extent of awareness in terms of the assessment of the k+ 12 curriculum. TABLE 10 Relationship Of Respondents Educational Attainment And Extent Of Awareness In Terms of the Advantages/ Benefits Of The K+12 Curriculum To The StudentsAdvantages/Benefits Of The K+12 Curriculum To The Students X2 a. More emotionally mature, socially aware and Pro-active. 18. 995 b. Acquire mastery of basic competencies. 25. 042 c. Be legally employable with potential for better earnings. 21. 290 d. Students will possess competencies and skills relevant to the job market 13. 974 e. Be globally competitive. 20. 517 f. Every graduate of the enhanced K+12 Basic Education program will be empowered to learn through the program that is rooted on sound educational principles and geared towards excellence and the foundations for learning throughout life.49. 488 g. Students will be able to prepare their own business for their future. 40. 415 h. Senior High School students will be given an opportunity to do OJT (On the Job Training), internship or apprenticeship 23. 504 i. After graduating Senior High School, graduates will be able to work immediately, even before or without seeking college degr ee because students will have not only a high school diploma needed for further studies, but also 1 or more certificates needed for immediate employment. 24. 652 MEAN 26. 4308 X2 DF= 8 15. 507The table shows the computed X2 in every advantages to the students in terms of educational attainment. The degrees of freedom is 8 and the mean of computed X2 is 26. 4308, since the mean computed value is greater than x2 at 5%, there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the respondents educational attainment is not independent with the extent of awareness in terms of the advantages/benefits of the k+ 12 curriculum to the students. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION This chapter presents the summary of the unblemished study that serve as the basis for conclusions and recommendations.This includes the statement of the problem, findings, conclusions and some recommendations of the study. SUMMARY This research study seek to find the level of awareness of the k+12 curriculum among the parents of the grade 7 students in CNHS, SDSSU-H. S LAB. , MNHS-UA. The respondents of the study were the parents of the grade 7 students in CNHS, SDSSU-H. S LAB. , MNHS-UA. The researchers limit their respondents to 50% of the population from each school. The study made use of the survey method which was appropriate for the profiling and gathering of data.Moreover, the data were interpreted using the mean, simple percentage computation and the Pearson chi-squared test. Findings Based on the analysis of the gathered data, the different findings in this research study are summarized as follows 1. The relationship of respondents age and extent of awareness in terms of the features ofthe k+12 curriculum, since the mean computed value which is 9. 3504 lesser than x2 at 5%, there is no enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the respondents age is independent with the extent of awareness in terms of the features of the k+ 12 curriculum.2. The r elationship of respondents age and extent of awareness in terms of the assessment of the curriculum, since the mean computed value, 9. 7606, is lesser than x2 at 5%, there is no enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the respondents age is independent with the extent of awareness in terms of the assessment of the k+ 12 curriculum. 3. The relationship of respondents age and extent of awareness in terms of the advantages/benefits of the k+12 curriculum to the students, since the mean computed value,8.6699, is lesser than x2 at 5%, there is no enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the respondents age is independent with the extent of awareness in terms of the advantages/ benefits of the k+ 12 curriculum to the students. 4. The relationship of respondents sex and extent of awareness in terms of the features of the k+12 curriculum, since the mean computed value,3. 4936, is lesser than x2 at 5%, there is no enough evidence to reject the null hypothes is. Therefore, the respondents sex is independent with the extent of awareness in terms of the features of the k+ 12 curriculum.5. The relationship of respondents sex and extent of awareness in terms of the assessment of the curriculum, since the mean computed value,1. 9558, is lesser than x2at 5%, there is no enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the respondents sex is independent with the extent of awareness in terms of the assessment of the k+ 12 curriculum. 6. The relationship of respondents sex and extent of awareness in terms of the advantages/benefits of the k+12 curriculum to the students, since the mean computed value,7.0027, is greater than the x2at 5%, there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the respondents sex is not independent with the extent of awareness in terms of the advantages/benefits of the k+ 12 curriculum to the students. 7. The relationship of respondents educational attainment and extent of awareness in terms of the features of the k+12 curriculum, since the mean computed value,25. 4317, is greater than x2 at 5%, there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.Therefore, the respondents educational attainment is not independent with the extent of awareness in terms of the features of the k+ 12 curriculum. 8. The relationship of respondents educational attainment and extent of awareness in terms of the assessment of the curriculum, since the mean computed value,21. 9774, is greater than x2 at 5%, there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the respondents educational attainment is not independent with the extent of awareness in terms of the assessment of the k+ 12 curriculum. 9. The relationship of respondents educational attainment and extent of aware

General systems and operations design Essay

The human-system traffic pattern should be least complicated and easy to operate and maintain. Less complications and running(a) requirements would mean minimum training requirements and workload for the people and thus, less error potential. Hardware operations and computer procedures should likewise be standardized so that analogous operations would require similar hardware and similar applications would only require similar uses and procedures. Operations should only be standardized and implemented to minimize the list of required tools as well as human errors from improper training and minimum skill.Also, the minimization of maintenance requirements and the standardization of procedures and operations should be done so that any person involved in the exploration would at least comport an idea on the operations which is oddly necessary in cases of accidents when a company in space becomes incapable of operation (Man-Systems consolidation Standards, 2006). Changes in Anthro pometry As people travels farther from Earth, at that place is the loss of gravitational pull.This loss, together with the changes in environment exert great aftermaths both in the anthropometry and biology of humans and thus requires extensive consideration especially in designing workstations. In particular, the human body size and posture, the surface area, the relocation and volume as well as the mass considerably change with the absence of gravity (Vogel, 1976 Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). The height of a person generally increases for both short and long-term missions (Sinha, 2002 Vogel, 1976). This is ca utilize by spine lengthening which can vary from 0.5 inch to about 3% of the baseline height prior to the mission.The fluid shifts caused by gravity cause changes in the chest, shank and limb-circumferences, usually a decrease (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). Because weight is a function of gravitational force, the weight of a person decreases from 3 -4%, most of which because of water, and loss of lean body mass as well as fat. Metabolic changes that pass further throughout the mission also cause further weight loss while the center of the weight becomes the head (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006).Pre-operation anthropometry does have an sum on how much increase or decrease will happen with the decrease in gravitational pull. This means that in general, sex and race could also have an effect on the amount of changes that would happen as a result of the decrease in gravity. People from the West are usually taller compared to their Eastern, Asiatic counterparts. In addition, males are generally taller compared to the females of the same race (Man-Systems Integration Standards, n. d. ). The anthropometric data are usually used in the design of equipment.The equipment to be used must be able to fit to any user regardless of size. This is done by designing a one-size-fits-all principle, to accommodate all possible users. T his is especially applicable to the design of chairs and the dimensions of the window. Equipment sizes can also be thined to fit a specific user so long as he or she would be the only user. Objects that must be reached such as buttons and switches must be adjusted based on the reach of the shortest person. In addition, the fact that the spine lengthens while in space would affect the placement of reachable objects.Because the spine lengthens, there would be an increased or easier overhead reach while the down(prenominal) reach becomes more difficult because of decreased assistance by gravity (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). The anthropometric data can also be used in the design of clo subject. Since height increases generally happen as a result of the increase in spin length while in space, the designers must tailor the space suits to accommodate such changes (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006).In addition to gravity, the actual assigns that must be performed in s pace are considered in the design of equipment. To exemplify, if the task involves great precision, continued operation and the use of two hands, the task should be as close as possible to the operator. For tasks that require the use of special suits, design reach dimensions are generally reduced (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). Changes in Work Capacity and Biology The lack of gravity also forces design changes particularly in objects that require pushing, and pulling.Because there is lack in gravity, human force is basically reduced. Diminished musculoskeletal strength and reduced cardiac capacity are effectuate of lack of gravity and can affect work effect and capacity (Miller, n. d. ). It follows then that in functions that require force such as pushing and pulling, there should be mechanical assistance in the forms of body restraint systems that could substitute for gravity. These restraint systems must be developed under neutral buoyancy conditions on Earth or in ac tual conditions of the space.Handhold, waist and foot restraints can be used for holding onto a handgrip to accommodate functional reaches waist restraint for good body control and foot restraint if the need is excellent reach performance, stability and control (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). Gravity could also have a significant effect on a persons biology. Particularly, the reduced gravitational force could induce spatial disorientation and space accommodation syndrome or space sickness (Ercoline, 1994). Such are not considered positive set up because they cause impairment of performance.Spatial disorientation refers to changes in posture, vertigo and illusions of movement that could result to tumbling (Brown, 2000). Critical activities are not advised to humans on mission when they are spatially disoriented. In the first days in space when humans experience space adaptation syndrome, humans tend to limit head motions. The effect is increased task time. What is usuall y done at this point is having limited activities that require speed (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006).As implied earlier, gravity also has effects on the human muscular and circulatory system. The effects of lessen gravity on humans exercise capacity as a result of reduced cardiac activity (Davis, 1999 Bungo, 1983) and muscular strength (Patton, 1987) necessitates countermeasures such as diet plans and exercise plans (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). One thing that must be considered by the space industry is the adjustment of the human circadian rhythm and the effects of such adjustments in human performance (Gander, 1989).As it is, the goal of human factors research is to effect easier conditions in the space so that better and more lucky performance is expected. Failure to do so would mean a loss in life and loss in significant investments (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). Another thing that humans involved in space missions experience is great acceler ation and vibration. Acceleration affects the visual sensation depending on how its force is directed. The usual results are dimming of vision, loss of vision at a certain side, usually the periphery, and diminished, blurred or doubled vision.This restriction in vision could induce motion sickness which could affect performance (Stern, 1990). Vibration also has a degrading effect on the performance. It is usually during the lift-off and landing when vibration is greatest. Unfortunately, there are many times when vision is precise important. Because of this, letters on equipment and signs are usually written in large format so as to accommodate any blurring or degrading effect of vibration on the persons vision (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006).

A cost-effective company

Companies mustiness(prenominal) remain effective and efficient in nine to compete in todays business word. Organizations, as yet non-profit organizations, must remain cost effective and efficient to remain viable. In order to be cost-effective, a company sets a budget and goals and uses the companys assets to meet those goals. As long as they remain within the budget, they can focus their attention on meeting the goals of the company.A cost-effective company meets its goals with the funding provided a company that is not cost-effective either fails to complete the goal altogether or requires additional funds in order to do so. This company must also be cost efficient, meaning that they cannot spend four dollars when two dollars is sufficient. In addition, they must put the companys finances ahead of whole else, including job stability. A cost effective and efficient company stays within a budget while still meeting its goals.It is more serious for any organization to be cost ef fective than cost efficient. In the overall picture, an organization must seek to meet its goals above all else. They must focus on using their resources to meet the goals, rather than setting the goal at saving money. Shareholders expect a return on their investment, which absolutely cannot pass away if the company does not focus its attention on getting the best value for its dollars.For example, Volvo strives to make the safest cars in the world for the most part, it has succeeded in this goal. The company uses its resources to concur an image of safety while remaining profitable. For this reason, consumers view Volvo as the safe car brand this is why the company is cost-effective rather than cost-efficient. In order to be cost-efficient, Volvo would have to put the product second and the cost of producing the product first. Safety would give way to economy, and this would completely undermine the branding strategy.

Fantasy vs. Reality

Fantasy vs. Reality Blanche is sufficiently self-aware to know that she tooshienot survive in the world as it is. Reality is as well harsh, so she must somehow create illusions that will allow her to maintain her delicate, fragile hold on life. A womans charm is cubic decimetre percent illusion (scene 2) she acknowledges to Stanley. Later in the story line when Mitch wants to switch the light on so that he can get a veridical look at her, she tells him that she does not want realism, she wants magic.When Mitch turns on the light during that scene it reveals much more to the audience than just what she really looks like, but it shows that all this quantify she has been living her life in the dark, hiding herself in the murky shadows of her promiscuity. Her ultimate goal was to manipulate reality until her fantasy becomes reality. She wants life to be lived in a permanent romantic glow, like the light that lit up the entire worlds when she first fell in love.But in this play, reali ty dominates. The realism of the setting, with its earthy characters and the sounds of the busy life of this corner of New Orleans, suggests that Blanches illusions are not going to be sufficient. The fact that Blanche is probably aware of this too is what wins her the sympathy of the audience. Eventually, her flimsy hold on reality disappears altogether and she takes refuge in an illusory world in which she is about to go on a trip with her imaginary number rich beau.The more desperate Blanche becomes in her loneliness, the more deeply she digs herself into an alternate reality, where she is the author of her own demise. Fantasy can be a troublesome mind set to overcome for most people. The more a person repeats a liethe more that person starts to believe it is reality. This is one of many themes that can be related to everyday life.

Research Trends in the Academy of Management Publications

Research trends in the Academy of Management publications In order to r severally the organizations goals, wariness acts its way by its techniques and topics that is essential for the success of the company. There atomic number 18 a lot of changes and improvements that can cause to the disappearance of the trouble topics and techniques that organizations use for its own benefit. I appreciate indicant this article that somehow updates us on what is happening on management topics, why do these topics disappear, stays, and re-emerge, and what are the common techniques used by the management of each organizations.The first hypothesis about the management topics says that some are historic and that they emerged then died out over time. People nowadays are very voguish and they tend to imitate what are the topics most popular in their environment. These people study and use those topics that make them think can fit in into the inn. only like in business, management topics also under go a cycle. At first they will grow slowly, and then they will burst till they happen upon their peak point where a lot of people patronize their services/products.Sooner or later, their business fades as the people who first patronize their products discover parvenu ones that are trending and popular in the society. Because of this, they try to change and develop new products that would satisfy the wants and needs of the consumers leading to the disappearance of the first products they made. I cant say that each management techniques are perfect, so if there are new ideas that are developed due to the experiences of each organizations and curiosity of mankind hard to improve and upgrade that specific technique, then that management technique disappears and being replaced by a new and come apart one.The second hypothesis tells that some management topics are classical and have become transfer over time. Even though people nowadays are conscious with the topics that are popular nowadays, there are others who give importance to these topics. Some topics are so significant that organizations do not want to remove them for those topics leads their business to success. These management topics give them ideas on how they will operate their business to become enduring in the industry. Most usinessmen now continue to use and development these management topics because they believe that this can avail them in achieving their success. These are their tools to reach their organizational objectives and accomplishments. If these techniques continue to help organizations then these will never fade out and will continue to be institutionalized making these topics stay for a long period of time. The third hypothesis states that some management topics are resurgent in that they emerged, died out, and then re-emerged over time.There are a lot of techniques that could help these topics to become useful again. With comprehensive study and analysis, these topics will soon be popularized and then used from generation to generation. This hypothesis challenges the researchers to do better study and brainstorming in order to have creative ideas on how they can develop these management topics. All things need improvement in order to fit in into society. Because, we humans, are not easily contented of what we have and can always find ways in creating other ideas better than the other.Some researching think they have created new ideas but had already emerged in the past but disappeared. Most companies make innovations on their products/services offered in the market in order to provide continuous satisfaction to the consumers. And so with this management topic, it needs further study and development to be continuously useful in the man of management. Management topics evolve like businesses do. They both undergo the same process cycle. At first is the birth of the keyword or topic then next is their festering until they reach their maturity where most of the people use it or the topic became popular.The cycle doesnt end here but it continues to its post-maturity stage where its usefulness to the society declines. But with our generation nowadays, people are intellectual enough to explore new discoveries to satisfy the needs and wants of the society. And with this, it makes the management topic become more stable and continue to provide more knowledge to the researchers and readers. Having adequate knowledge about the history of these management topics we have right now makes each researchers and readers more implicated on the topic.Some may show lack of interest but once they go deeper to the history about these management topics, they would find it really amazing on how this were useful to the industry and very effective on every organization. This study is very helpful to researchers that really want to know more about management because it is part of their study to keep track of the trends in the field of management. We can neve r reach our future if we do not know our history. Same goes with canvass management, reaching the finish line of this field is impossible unless we learn and study its history.

Informative Essay on Hpv

homosexual Papilloma virus (HPV) Testing What is the human being Papillomavirus? Commonly known as HPV, it is an transmittance that spreads through sexual contact. There argon over whiz hundred incompatible types of HPV several types father genital warts, while other high risk strands can lead to cancer of the cervix, anus, vagina, and penis. Be do HPV is often asymptomatic, many passel are unaware of their infection status, and thus, their potential for transmitting the virus to a sexual partner.The significance of the Human Papillomavirus is that fifty percent of Americans who are sexually ready will contract it within their lives, and at any given point in that respect are twenty million Americans already infected with it (By the numbers racket HPV Vaccine). Infection with HPV is a significant public health burden in the United States because of the costs for screening and treatment for cervical abnormalities, as salutary as costs associated with treating benign genital warts. There is a vaccine known as Gardasil that will baffle strands of HPV. The vaccine, FDA approved, is strong towards different types of HPV.Human Papillomavirus vaccines should be administered to females, who are sexually active, to fight against certain strains of the virus, such as genital warts and most importantly cervical cancer. Genital warts is a skin infection caused by the sexually transmitted disease, the Human Papillomavirus. HPV types associated with genital infections are transmitted sexually, primarily through skin to skin contact during sexual activity. Warts are extremely common. Statistics show that each(prenominal) year 250,000-500, 000 Americans develop genital warts (By the Numbers HPV).All are benign. In women, warts communicate in or rough the vagina, on the cervix or around the anus. In men, genital warts are less common but might occur on the top of the penis. There are currently several different strains of HPV that cause both external and interna l warts. In the United States, about 1. 4 million people fool genital warts, which cause HPV (Board, A. D. A. M. Editorial). According to researchers, vaccines for the Human Papillomavirus are available to protect against the ii types of HPV (types 6 and 11) that cause about 80% of genital warts (HPV Vaccine).The Human Papillomavirus vaccine has been recommended for females nine to twenty-six long time old it should be administered before the onset of sexual activity, but the girls and women who are sexually active should be vaccinated as well (HPV Vaccine). nearly infections go away within 1 to 2 age, but some persevere. Persistent infection can increase the risk of certain types of cancers. Nearly two decades ago, experts discovered a relationship between infection with HPV and cervical cancer. Since then, these experts have learned much more about what HPV can lead to (cervical cancer Symptoms, Causes, Treatments).The Human Papillomavirus can cause changes in a womans cervix . If the body clears the infection, the cervical cells go back to normal, but if they do not and the infection continues, the cells will abnormally change. The American crabby person society says about 12,170 women will find out they have cervical cancer in the U. S. this year (By the Numbers HPV Issues). Many women in the United States get Pap smear tests, and if they have abnormal cells, they have them removed before they become benign. The high strands of HPV cause Pap smear tests to show that the cells are abnormal.According to Statistics researchers say that virtually all cervical cancers, more than 99%, are caused by these high-risk HPV viruses (Cervical Cancer Symptoms, Causes, Treatments). The most common of the high-strains of the Human Papillomavirus are types 16 and 18, which cause seventy percent of all cervical cancers (HPV Vaccine). Cervical cancer has an effect on women not only in a health manner. The emotional cost from HPV is a further burden as it may include fea r of cervical cancer, apprehension, and the stigma associated with a sexually transmitted infection.HPV is so common that drug companies long sought to develop a vaccine against it. In June 2006, Gardasil, a Human Papillomavirus vaccine made by Merck & Co. , was licensed for use and brought to the market (HPV Vaccine). Gardasil, which is given into a series of three injections, targets the main types of HPV. The types targeted are HPV 6, HPV 11, HPV 16 and HPV 18, which cause ninety percent of the genital warts and are the leading causes of cervical cancer (Cervical Cancer Symptoms, Causes, Treatments). Brought to the attention by researchers combined, those strains affect an estimated 3 million women in the U.S (HPV Vaccine). Since HPV is so common in the United States, the makers of Gardasil are trying to get a law approved that will make the shots mandatory. In 2006, Upon Gardasils release, Merck & Co. launches an intensive lobbying effort to convince state lawmakers to make the vaccine mandatory for girls entering middle school. Approximately two dozen states consider adopting such a law in the first few months after Gardasils debut. Key Events in the History of HPV Women are not aware of the causes or effects of HPV. They deprivation knowledge of the infection and are more at risk.Circumstances are worsened when accompanied by a lack of knowledge about the transmission of the virus and its association with genital warts and cervical cancer. Doctors are recommending Gardasil to their patients to prevent genital warts and cancers. Im a Pediatrician, and in Pediatrics, we do routinely recommend Gardasil to both boys and girls, says Dr. Marney Gundlach (Undernews). Dr. Alvin embayment Lin also quotes, As a family physician, I recommend Gardasil to all appropriate patients, boys & girls 9-26yo, to prevent cervical and other genital cancers, anal cancer, and genital warts.There is some inference that it may even be useful in women 27-45yo (Undernews). In tod ays generation, girls begin having sex as young as nine years old, and that is causing the risk of HPV to increase. Recently, Gardasil has been approved for males, in order to precipitate the risk for spreading infections and to primarily lowering the results of spreading it to women (HPV Infection in Men Symptoms, Treatments, Causes. ). bank bill that the vaccines are not an HPV cure. Gardasil has been shown to provide protection for five years. The Human Papillomavirus vaccination does not mean women can skip their Pap smear test.Gardasil is slowly enough known in order to enhance the awareness of its prevention against HPV. Should girls and young women receive the Human Papillomavirus vaccine? Yes. The vaccine is nearly one hundred effective in preventing diseases caused by high-risk strains of HPV (By the numbers HPV Vaccine). HPV is so common within the United States that at any given point there are twenty million people that have it (By the numbers HPV Vaccine). The Human Papillomavirus causes skin infections, also known as genital warts. They occur in both men and women, in or around the genital areas.There are over one million people in the United States that have contracted genital warts (Cervical Cancer Symptoms, Causes, Treatments). If infections are not cleared up, they may lead to cervical cancer. Approximately, 3,700 women die each year from cervical cancer (By the numbers HPV Vaccine). There is a vaccine out that has been Federal Drug Association, and Center for Disease Control approved to help prevent strains of HPV. Gardasil helps target the four main types of HPV. It is administered into a series of three shots, is effective to work up to five years. The shots may be presented to both men and women, in order to reduce etting high risk strains of HPV. Doctors are recommending Gardasil to their adult patients as well as their adolescent patients in order to create awareness against HPV. ascribable to lack of knowledge of how severe HPV can be, Gardasil should be administered to both men and women to decrease the number of HPV infections a year and the number of deaths of cervical cancer. Statistics show the colossal number of Americans who have contracted HPV, and how they are rising every year. Gardasil may be the safest choice in protection for women, in order to slowly decrease future numbers. Works Citied Board, A.D. A. M. Editorial. Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors. Cervical Cancer. U. S. National Library of Medicine, 18 Nov. 0000. Web. 06 Mar. 2012. By the Numbers HPV Vaccine. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 18 Sept. 2009. Web. 6 Mar. 2012. Cervical Cancer Symptoms, Causes, Treatments. WebMD. WebMD. Web. 06 Mar. 2012. HPV and Cervical Cancer. WebMD. WebMD, 10 Jan. 0000. Web. 06 Mar. 2012. HPV Infection in Men Symptoms, Treatments, Causes. WebMD. WebMD. Web. 06 Mar. 2012. . HPV Vaccine. Issues & Controversies On File n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 18 S ept. 2009. Web. 6 Mar. 2012. Key Events in the History of the HPV Vaccine. Issues & Controversies On File n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 18 Sept. 2009. Web. 6 Mar. 2012. Undernews. Gardasil A Case Study of What Can Happen When Pharma Hustling Goes Wild. Web. 06 Mar. 2012. efficacy 50 37 clear maintained position 10 9 analysis/synthesis 15 14 use of sources 15 14 typical presentation 10 7 grade 81

Mass Media and Younger Generation

Abstract Entertainment has a signifi kittyt influence on the people. The effectuate of diversion can both be positive and negative. This influence of the amusement attention has grown tremendously over the years. The influence can be greatly attributed to the advancement of technology. Entertainment is ab out(a)ly through the media which accommodates the television, magazines, newspapers, radio, and internet, among others. The influence of amusement on the younger generation affects the way that they dress, talk, and act. This is because the current generation and decree depends on entertainment as a forge of communication and information.The society, on that pointfore, maturates to entertainment for the unremarkable activities like education, health c ar, traveling, work, and personal relationships. This paper is going to find at the set up of entertainment on the younger generation. In addition, it is going to examine at how entertainment affects the young gener ation in terms of their acts, the way they dress, and talk. Introduction A nation like America is an example, of a country that has developed in terms of entertainment (Fisher 58). It is one of the countries that has got and has produced some of the greatest entertainers.The country is one of the jumper lead producers of entertainment in the planet. In addition, it is one of the nations that thither is a greater influence of entertainment on the younger generation. The set up of entertainment on the younger generation in America can be said to be both positive and negative. The influence is mostly on entertainment media such as television, radio, and the internet. The influence on the upcoming generation has affected their expression and vies on the culture of America. The influence is on how they talk, dress, and act on the society.This has been caused by the social media coerce that is sweeping through the country. These atomic number 18 the influences that entertainment has o n the younger generation in the country. Entertainment The citizens of America depend on communication and information for their daily activities. These activities include work, education, entertainment, traveling, personal relationships, and health cargon (Kearney and Crandall 89). The people use the newspapers or television to stick by news. They afford phone calls, browse over the internet where thinkable to view decisions that re based on the information that they need and get. The decisions should be do depending on the determine and beliefs that exist in the society. The younger generation, at that placefore, need to gain facts and use experience when making certain decisions. The media be the place where most people get the latest and current facts and news on significant issues. upright about of the younger generation, therefore, turns to the media which is a form of entertainment to get news and education. This in effect, has influence on the younger generation.T he upcoming generation, gets influenced by the mass media and this in turn affects the way that they conduct themselves in the society. The influence works in several ways and can be caused similarly because of several reasons. This can be either positively, negatively, or level off both. How the influence works The television is the common and most dealn form of entertainment that has got influence. The television exposes the upcoming generation to thousand of images. These images include celebrities advertisement, violence, sex, among many another(prenominal) others. The photo to the younger generation is too high when considered in terms of years (Scott 9).The media should be responsible for the programs they air. They are the ones who should help in formative the beliefs, values, and decisions that the upcoming generation makes. The companies that own the media are the ones who are in charge of entertainment movies, radio and television broadcasts. Moreover, they are the o nes who authorize the programs, sports, and video entertainments. In addition, most of the companies that offer these services are also integrated in the wireless phones, telecommunications, music effort, electronic media, video game software, and more.Therefore, the companies should consider programs that nature cultural values and beliefs that do non have a negative influence on the upcoming generation. However, some companies have merged to shape the beliefs and opinions of the users. It is significant to consider what the younger generation is clear to daily through the entertainment avenues. This calls for the other people in the society to be vigilant in protecting the values and beliefs of the country. They should come along at the entertainment that is given from, different perspectives as opposed to ho the media gives it.The advertisement done by the media is another exposure to the upcoming generation. Although, the media makes a banding of money from the advertiseme nts, they have some negative influences to the younger generation. Many citizens are influenced, by the advertisements, and this makes them buy the things that they are told that are ripe. Decisions are made from the advertisements that the citizens are uncovered to daily. This is based on what is seen on the newspapers, magazines, or television. The product is deemed to be the best and most people make decisions based on what the media is propagation.This creates influence as people tend to trust the media. The same applies to the younger generation that is exposed to this form of entertainment. The effect and influence on the upcoming generation makes them buy what they watch over the televisions. This is mostly influenced by what they consider being their celebrities favorites. The upcoming generation will buy what favorite celebrity has advertised and what they deem to be acceptable in the society. This is based on the fashion that the media has created and imposed on the mind s. The influences can be at times positive or negative.A positive example can be a sport that is getting media attention. Many of the younger generation will want to be identified with that sport. The popularity in the society and among the friends for the sport can make a youth be identified with the sport. This will make the upcoming generation start practicing for the sport with the idea that it is cool. The influence will turn out to be positive as the youth will become healthier from the exercise and have fun with friends. An example of a negative influence for the younger generation can be the use of cigars. This can be as a result of seeing a celebrity movie star utilise a cigar.In addition, the exposure to images with excessive violence, junk foods, and sex can influence the upcoming generations negatively. The upcoming generation is in a s get behinde of life that needfully some acceptance from the peers. They would like to savour loved and be successful in whatever the y venture and try (White and Andsager 72). Therefore, the creation of the media of type images of beautiful women and fair men as the real characteristics of successful people through television and movie influences the younger generation. This will make the upcoming generation want to visualize as the celebrity.They will copy the dressing styles so as to feel cool and successful like the images of the celebrities. The youth are, hence exposed to buying dresses and lug that can make them look like the celebrities who are considered to be cool and successful. The influence of the entertainment industry has had an effect on the youths fleshiness and anorexia nature. Many upcoming generations in the country are fighting obesity. This is happening, while, they are exposed to most advertisements that carry junk food advertisements. The advertisements are there, yet, they give ideal images of successful people as wealthy and thin.The women are the ones who are mostly affected with th is type of influence. They are so obsessed with loosing even in cases which they are not declared as obese. Many women are thin in the society as they want to resemble and look like the thin celebrities, and ace models that they see in the images, in the entertainment industry. The women, are, therefore, engaged in disorder eating habits that mostly lead to severe issues of health and in worse cases even death. Effects of violence in media Watching a movie or television exposes the upcoming generation to images of many people hurting others and violence.This type of exposure can have some influence on the upcoming generation. A person can easily become disturbed because of such exposure. This normally happens to the children who are exposed to this type of entertainment more and more each passing day. As the children grow, they begin shaping their personalities. This includes both beliefs and values. A child who is exposed to this form of entertainment can become very aggressive. I n addition, these children can lose their sense of fiction and reality on what they are exposed in the movies and television.There are incidents and scenarios that have been reported of children carrying guns to school. Such kind of incidences where the children also hurt others can be attributed to the influence of the entertainment. This affects the cultural values and beliefs of such children. The behaviors of this type are associated with children who are mostly exposed to the excessive use of war images and violent video games (Coleman 112). The media using real war as a form of entertainment also exposes the upcoming generation to negative influences. The children need to be educated and informed, on the life-threatening forms of entertainment, to be watched.In addition, they need to be informed that the video games do not have winners or losers scarce as in the real war. Entertainment impact on society and the upcoming generation is significant. In addition, the influence o f entertainment on public opinion cannot be ignored. The entertainment forms can change the public opinion of the upcoming generation in different ways. This depends on the neutral of the form of entertainment. Television as one of the greatest discoveries of all times has so much influence on the upcoming generation. Television can be used for many purposes. This depends on the choice of the individual that uses the device.This can be used for entertainment purposes, like watching music or soap. The shows that they youths are exposed to when watching television have created so many controversies. This is because of the influence that they have on the younger generations (Petley and Barker 34). The television has both advantageous and adverse effects on the youth. This will depend on what the viewer sees. This explains why the entertainment shows that are aired are full of controversies. Most of the shows are just on dates and celebrities. These types of shows are what influences t he future generation that includes the children and youth.Most of the influences unfortunately are not positive. Studies indicate that there is a move that is coming up where most shows are just for publicity purposes. This makes the youth find themselves easily influenced to be part of the shows to feel cool. The shows that help in increasing learning processes on the youth receive junior-grade publicity. These are the shows that can help the youth to nature good moral values and beliefs (Desilet 109). The television promotes entertainment and education. However, it is an individuals responsibility to derive what he wants from the shows.Most young people are corrupted in the minds by the entertainment forms that they see. The youth fall prey to the many of the misleading advertisements in place. They get scattered by asking on the celebrities that are being advertised. Furthermore, they get manipulated in their thinking. This makes them think of violence and criminal things. The more the youth is exposed to the entertainments the more they get influenced to the message that they get. Their social and cultural behavior is affected by the entertainment. The children are exposed to the negative influence of entertainment as parents are not there to control them.Some parents work till late and when they get home they are too tired to help the children in activities. They get glued to the television prescribed their children. Upcoming generation feels confident and they do what they feel like. In addition, visual effects normally lasts long on a person and this can sacrifice some adverse effects to such an exposed victim. The advancement of technology has made things worse. Most of the television stations relay their programs through the satellite. This has left the parents with no control on the programs watched, and, therefore, the children remain exposed to indecent entertainment forms.The youth has also taken advantage of the same. They use the entertainme nt field to get cognition and information from the television. Most of the young generation normally watches programs that are mostly entertaining. No wonder, television is considered as a source of entertainment instead of a source of knowledge. This is the reason as to why television has to a great extent adversely affected the upcoming generation. Many youths have favorite celebrities that they look up to, as role models in their lives. This makes them to look for them in the movies or magazines. The reason behind this is to get the latest fashion trends or air styles.The youths look, on the magazines, to see what the celebrities have and the scope of the new trends that are considered hot. The entertainment industry is constantly changing perceptions of the youth. This changes the perception of who they are and what they think of themselves. In addition, the entertainment industry is what can be attributed to the changing trends in cultural ways. Most people look at the celebrit ies and entirely change their own ideals and views so as to mach what is considered to be perfection. The youth wants to be associated with money, ideal cars, and careers. The simple things in life are becoming less appreciated.This happens as people tend to look up for those with more wealth. They compare their lives with such people. The youth wants something bigger and something more. This is what makes entertainment have a constant impact on the societal trends. It is the aspects of the entertainment industry that makes the youth know how much they are rich and how famous they need to be in life. The constant advertisements, magazine covers, and other entertainment forms are what overwhelm the society. Moreover, the entertainment industry is what is responsible for most of the upcoming generations changing trends and perceptions on culture and the way of life.The shows that are aired make the youth look at their own lives. This makes them feel the need to do something different. Divorce is also becoming common in the society. The trend is mostly seen in celebrity couples. Cases of the celebs getting divorced are there every day. This has made it like a routine to those who are also in the media industry. The divorce cases are publicized in the media as something normal and good in the society. This has made the youth look at divorce as something that is insignificant. The society has also not carried any negativity on divorce of late. plurality run to marriages instead of dating.This whole situation has been created by the celebs. The celebrity couples have made divorce a trend. Moreover, the celebs have made the meaning of divorce be of less meaning and look like normal in the society. This trend has caused the youth to follow suit. The entertainment industry can be said to be the reason behind the change of perception and trend of divorce. The youth has been influenced, by the entertainment industry, to do cosmetic surgery. The trend has already swept t hrough the society and is common with people who want to look like celebs or be more beautiful. There are shows in the television programs like DR. 20210 that have made plastic surgery be the in thing (Durham 120). The shows make the youth want to look like the celebrities. They do this by trying to transform them to look like celebrities. They give them the different cosmetic and plastic surgery procedures that exist. The message passed is that a person in his own identity is not handsome and good. The trend encourages the youth to try plastic surgery in order to have perfect bodies. Therefore, the reason of not having a perfect look is not there as there is the option of cosmetic surgery. This has made the celebrities, to, also, have plastic surgeries to enhance their appearance.This is done with the belief that it will help in carriers, but, the youth just emulate the trend for the sake of it. The trend has made many youth to lack self fulfillment as they feel they are not good l ooking or good enough. Conclusion The entertainment industry has both positive and negative influence on the youth, but, it is not entirely bad. The negative effects and influences that the industry has, on the upcoming generation need, to be changed and recognized. This can help the youth so that their minds are not that clouded with the celebrity perfection ideas.The youth need to be educated and informed on the need for self confidence and self fulfillment as they are fundamental to true blessedness in life. These traits are hard to attain for the youth because of entertainment and media industry. The industries are constantly showing and sending messages to viewers on the definition of perfection. This makes it hard for many of the youths to be contented and happy with their personalities and looks. The youth should stop to look for celebrities, movies, and television shows, for ideal and perfect life.The obsession created by the entertainment industry influences the youths way of life. They change the way they dress, walk, and even act. The entertainment industry will continue to have effects and influences on youth and societal trends. The influences should be worked on, to make them have positive effects on society and society as a whole. This can involve the transformation of the celebrities, actors, and models in the entertainment industry. The effect can be huge and tremendous on the upcoming generation and society. The changing trends in societal beliefs and values can be influenced to be positive ones on the youth.Things can be better when the effects of the entertainment industry lean more towards the positive influences than the negative influences on the youth. This can be done cognise very well that America is one of the leading producers of entertainment and as such it is a significant component in influencing the behavior of the younger generation. The entertainment industry has influences on the upcoming generation views and expression of culture. This is depicted by the way that they talk, dress, and act on society through social media pressure in the country.You can get a custom research paper-0 on this topic at EssayLib. com. Feel free to buy your paper written from scratch Tags entertainment research paper-1, essay on entertainment-2, research paper on social media-3, social media essay-4 Comments are closed. -0 http//www. essaylib. com/research-paper. php -1 http//www. essaylib. com/blog/tag/entertainment-research-paper -2 http//www. essaylib. com/blog/tag/essay-on-entertainment -3 http//www. essaylib. com/blog/tag/research-paper-on-social-media -4 http//www. essaylib. com/blog/tag/social-media-essay

Ibuprofen and Acetaminophen Essay

Organic chemical compounds require a vast number of isomers, jots with the same molecular formula but incompatible atomic arrangement, of which thither atomic number 18 three types structural, geometric and optical. The most closely-linked of isomers are optical isomers, which differ but by the cubic placement of the molecules attachments, which renders its mirror images to be non-superimposable. The presence of optical isomerism within a molecule is determined by the existence of a chiral centrea carbon atom with four different groups (see addendum, look-alike 1).Pure optical isomers have identical physical properties such as melting blame, simmering point and density, as well as identical chemical properties thus there are both two ways that they can be distinguished their inter action weapon with otherwise chiral substances and their interaction with plane polarized light. An enantiomorph (one out of a pair of optical isomers) rotates plane polarized light in the opp o spot direction of which the other enantiomer rotates the plane polarized light, of equal magnitude (see Appendix A, figure 2). An enantiomer that berths plane polarized light to the go forth is given the prefix L (levorotatory) or S, while an enantiomer that recesss plane polarized light to the chastise is given the prefix D (dextrorotatory) or R.Despite their physical and chemical similarities, optical isomers are cognize to have substantially different behaviours within the human form. This is due to the fact that enzymes and receptors in the eubstance are stereospecific, meaning that they can interact with one enantiomer of certain molecules and not the other. For instance, the human body can only break down D-glucose (dextrose) for energy but not L-glucose, and can only hire L- amino acetouss rather than D-amino acids. While one form of a stereoisomer may be beneficial, the other may be ineffective or even harmful, in some cases.Thus, it is crucial that optical isome rism is look atn into account during medicative drug development and usage. For example, the sedative thalidomide was available in Europe in the 1960s for purposes of alleviating morning indisposition in pregnant women. However, the drug was sold as a racemic mixture, which contains equal portions of both enantiomers (this would not shift plane polarized light as the two enantiomers shift in different directions),and while R-thalidomide (see Appendix A, figure 3) works effectively as a sedative S-thalidomide can cause genetic damage leading(a) to mutation of the fetus. Consequently, 12 000 infants were born worldwide with malformation of the limbs.To further illustrate the importance of optical isomers in drug action, the drug isobutylphenyl propionic acid can be explored. ibuprofen is a drug utilise for anti-inflammatory drug purposes such as pain relief, pyrexia and protrusion reduction, and is classified as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Derived from propa noic acid in the 1960s by a pharmacy chain called Boots UK Limited, ibuprofen was initially launched as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, and was awarded the Queens Award for technical foul Achievement in 1987. It is currently available under a compartmentalisation of trademarks such as Advil, Motrin, Nurofen, and Brufen, among others.Ibuprofen works by inhibiting the enzymatic action of cyclooxygenase (COX1 and COX2) within the body, which catalyzes the conversion of a compound called arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are locally-acting hormones that cause swelling, heat, loss of function, feverishness and pain, collectively known as inflammation, at a site of injury through the accumulation of white blood cells. Through inhibiting this reaction, painful symptoms can be trim back or eliminated.The IUPAC name for ibuprofen is 2-(4-(2-methylpropyl) phenyl) propanoic acid. It is a carboxylic acid which also contains a phenyl group (see Appendix A, figure 5). Due to its chirality, ibuprofen has two enantiomers (see Appendix A, figure 6) S-ibuprofen, which rotates plane polarized light to the left and is pharmacologically active, and R-ibuprofen, which rotates plane polarized light to the right and has no anti-inflammatory effect (and is thus inactive as a drug, since . However, ibuprofen is sold on the market as a racemic mixture. Thus, a dose of ibuprofen contains only 50% of the active enantiomer, S-ibuprofen. Nevertheless, R-ibuprofen undergoes species-specific chiral everting within the body, in which some 60% of R-ibuprofen is born-again into S-ibuprofen. The mechanism of the inversion is through an enzyme, alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) that is present in the liver, the kidney and gastrointestinal tract. Asubstitution nucleophilic bimolecular (SN2) reaction must take place (see Appendix B, figure 1), which results in the complete conversion of every molecule of one enantiomer to the other. In this case, only R-ibuprofen is converted into S-ibuprofen (see Appendix B, figure 2).The benefits associated with ibuprofen use include its efficiency as a NSAID in decreasing inflammation, in addition to be non-addictive and affordable. However, ibuprofen often causes stand irritation, and can impede concentration and cause drowsiness. It may also result in a variety of adverse side effects (see Appendix C, figure 1). An alternative to ibuprofen is the drug acetaminophen, also known as paracetamol. Acetaminophen, (see Appendix A, figure 7), is commercially available under brand names such as Tylenol and Anacin (see Appendix A, figure 8). It works by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins. It does not, however, have any anti-inflammatory action and thus only targets tissue of the nervous systemeasing pain without being directed towards the commencement of the problem. Acetaminophen is known to cause fewer side effects than ibuprofen however for a attend of side effects, see Appendix C, figure 2.Acetaminop hen does not have a chiral centre, and therefore does not have any optical isomers. Both drugs are used to relieve headache pains and fever however their varying properties impact their function and effectiveness in treating specific symptoms.The solubility of ibuprofen in water is 0.0002M. Although its carboxyl functional group is highly polar, the large non-polar component greatly decreases its overall signal. As like dissolves like, ibuprofen does not dissolve well in water, which is polar. To solve this problem, ibuprofen is reacted with the amino acid lysine (see Appendix A, figure 9), which together forms the salt ibuprofen lysinate. Ibuprofen is then released into the bloodstream in which the reaction can reverse. On the other hand, acetaminophen is highly soluble in water with a solubility of 0.091M. Because it contains an amide and an alcohol, there is a substantial degree of hydrogen bonding resulting in high polarity (see Appendix A, figure 10). This pass ons the drug t o be absorbed into the bloodstream effectively.Ibuprofen has a pKa (acid dissociation constant) of approximately 4.43, while the pKa of acetaminophen is 9.51 and 25C, making ibuprofen more acidic. Because neutral substances pass through incarnate membranes more easily, acetaminophen is more easily absorbed. Acetaminophen also has more acid stability. Administered orally, an ibuprofen contraction has an enteric coating, which prevents stomach acid from breaking down the drug before it reaches the small intestine, where it is absorbed. A contain coating is used on a tablet of acetaminophen, which protects the tongue from the contents, as well as defend the contents from moisture and light. Within the body, the film can be broken down by spitting or stomach acid, and the way in which the drug is absorbed is not affected.Appendix A Images contour 1 Molecule with a chiral centre externalise 2 Plane polarized light beamed through a filter. The two enantiomers shift light in opposite directions.Figure 1 Type of isomer vs. molecule melting and boiling point Type of IsomersMoleculesMelting Point and Boiling PointStructural Isomersbutane2-methylpropaneMP -140C BP -1 CMP -159.6C BP -11.7 CGeometric Isomerscis-butenetrans-buteneMP -138.9 C BP 3.7 CMP -105.5 C BP 0.9 C ocular IsomersL-2-butanolD-2-butanolMP -115 C BP 98-100 CMP -115 C BP 98-100 CFigure 3 The two optical isomers of thalidomide. R-thalidomide works effectively as a sedative, while S-thalidomide can damage the fetus.Figure 5 bony diagram of ibuprofen, with the functional group labelAppendix A (contd) ImagesFigure 6 Optical isomers of ibuprofen S-ibuprofen is on the left and R-ibuprofen is on the rightFigure 7 Skeletal diagram of acetaminophen,with the functional groups labeledFigure 9 Skeletal diagram of the amino acid lysine, which is reacted with ibuprofen in order to allow it to ultimately dissolve into the bloodstreamFigure 10 Polarity of ibuprofen vs. acetaminophenAppendix B ReactionsFigure 1 The process of a substitution nucleophilic bimolecular (SN2) reactionFigure 2 The mechanism of the enzymatic chiral inversion of R-ibuprofen (42) into S-ibuprofen. At first, the carboxylic acid is converted into an intermediate thioester (43a) by acyl-CoA ligase This is then converted to the opposite configuration by an epimerase, and the resultant thioester (43b) is hydrolyzed by a hydrolase, releasing S-ibuprofen.Appendix C TablesFigure 1 Side effects of ibuprofen around the bend side effects includeupset stomach, balmy heartburn, diarrhea, constipationbloating, gasdizziness, headache, nervousnessskin itching or rashblurred vision austere side effects includechest pain, weakness, shortness of breath, slurred speech, problems with vision or balance black, bloody, or tarry stools, coughing up blood or vomit that looks like coffee grounds swelling or rapid weight gainurinating less than usual or not at allnausea, upper stomach pain, itching, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored sto ols, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes) fever, sore throat, and headache with a severe blistering, peeling, and red skin rash bruising, severe tingling, numbness, pain, muscle weakness or severe headache, neck opening stiffness, chills, increased sensitivity to light, and/or seizure (convulsions).Figure 2 Side effects of acetaminophenMild side effects includedrowsinessSerious side effects includelow fever with nausea, stomach pain, and loss of appetitedark urine, clay-colored stools orjaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes)liver disaster (with overdose)BibliographyCHAPTER 5 RULES FOR SPECIFICATION OF CHIRALITY. (n.d.). University of Illinois at Chicago-Chemistry. Retrieved October 8, 2013, from tigger.uic.edu/kbruzik/text/chapter5.htmThis source is reasonable because it is a university website. Chemistry in your water closet Nurofen . (n.d.). Royal Society of Chemistry Advancing excellence in the chemical sciences. Retrieved October 10, 2013, fromhttp//www.rsc.org/learn- chemistry/resources/chemistry-in-your-cupboard/nurofen/3This source is credible because it is a reputable educational society in Britain. Clancy, C., Farrow, K., Finkle, T., & Francis, L. (2002). McGraw-Hill Ryerson chemistry 12. Toronto McGraw-Hill Ryerson.This is credible because it is a textbook used in class.Cohen, J. S. (2007, December 4). The Little-Known Dangers of Acetaminophen.Life Extension. Retrieved October 10, 2013, from http//www.lef.org/magazine/mag2007/dec2007_report_acetaminophen_02.htmThis is credible because it is health journal from a reputable organization. Ibuprofen. (2013, July 18). Livertox Clinical and interrogation Information. Retrieved October 10, 2013, from http//livertox.nih.gov/Ibuprofen.htmThis is credible because it is from the United States government. Open Notebook Science. (2013, October 10). Solubility of ibuprofen in organic solvents. Retrieved October 8, 2013, from http//lxsrv7.oru.edu/alang/onsc/solubility/allsolvents.php?solute=ibuprofenThis is credible because it is an educational institution.1C http//www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/02/briefing/3882b2_06_international%20ibuprofen%20foundation.htm 2C http//www.lef.org/magazine/mag2007/dec2007_report_acetaminophen_02.htmhttp//books.google.ca/books?id=9xYuQKZSDkIC&pg=PA205&lpg=PA205&dq=how+is+r-ibuprofen+converted+into+s-ibuprofen&source=bl&ots=D4iuQfKoyT&sig=WS9y5uMJa0Hr68Og5FhkJr73OfQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WcZVUoqJDpCi4APKyoDoBg&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBQv=onepage&q=how%20is%20r-ibuprofen%20converted%20into%20s-ibuprofen&f=false2B http//books.google.ca/books?id=Zgx13oMZaYUC&pg=PA363&lpg=PA363&dq=how+is+r-ibuprofen+converted+into+s-ibuprofen&source=bl&ots=sWD8D0j8HI&sig=L_5r42H68KotX